Furanocoumarins (FCs) are present (<2%) in citrus-peel oils and a few other essential oils, for example: angelica (Angelica archangelica) root and rue (Ruta graveolens). Cvs Specialty Pharmacy Near Me Minipress, Pomelos (a hybrid between an orange and an Asian fruit called Citrus maxima) also contain furanocoumarins, as do Seville oranges (used in marmalades) and limes. Use of this web site constitutes acceptance of the LIVESTRONG.COM Jill Corleone is a registered dietitian and health coach who has been writing and lecturing on diet and health for more than 15 years. Extensive burns can also result from oral ingestion of FCs in combination of UV exposure (Tisserand & Young 2013). Common Plant Species Containing Furanocoumarins and Reported to Cause Photocontact Dermatitis [1,2,6,7,11], Jane Buckle PhD, RN, in Clinical Aromatherapy (Third Edition), 2015. In fact, studies show that they increase the blood levels of over 85 medications. Table 29.2. Zyrtec Syrup Robaxin, Although Cara Cara navel oranges may appear similar to grapefruit, due to coloring, current literature does not report furanocoumarins being found in Cara Cara navel oranges. Birth Control Patch Elimite, Some of the most common furanocoumarin-containing plant species that have been found to elicit photodermatitis are given in Table 29.2. In the highly polyphagous H. zea, a similar situation is encountered. 02 of 09. Blood oranges were introduced to America by Spanish and Italian immigrants in the 1930s. Corn, peanuts, cottonseed, and tree nuts are common aflatoxin sources; however, these mycotoxins also may be found in other foodstuffs such as wheat, rice, copra, figs, some spices, eggs, and milk. Reply (2) Report. The families Moraceae and Fabaceae include a few, widely … The flavor is sweeter and less tart than other oranges and may have hints of raspberry or a slightly bitter edge. The families Apiaceae and Rutaceae include the largest numbers of plant species that contain furanocoumarins. Since then, the aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1, have been the most thoroughly studied mycotoxins, both in the laboratory and as the subject of epidemiology studies of mycotoxins and human disease. 25) on its isopentenyl side chain rather than on its furan ring. When grapefruit and the pill are consumed, blood levels of estrogen may rise, resulting in a risk for new or worsened side effects. Moro has a sweet taste, but if it compared to Tarocco and Sanguinello, Moro blood oranges have a more bitter taste. If you have sparse fruit, however, this is not a result of not having cross-pollination, but more likely is the result of insufficient numbers of bees frequenting your tree. Cindy, Thanks for asking this question. Allegra Gel Caps 60 Count, Despite the honeybells’ parentage, they are … Clonil 10 Megalis, Some fruits that contain furanocoumarin are grapefruit, pomelo, and Seville orange. Fifteen years have elapsed since the serendipitous observation of a pharmacokinetic interaction between the calcium channel antagonist felodipine and grapefruit juice (GFJ; 1). Aflatoxins can be produced under conditions of 85% relative humidity (e.g., corn moisture content of 15–28%) and temperatures over 25°C that persist for over 48 hours. The distribution of furanocoumarins varies widely between plant species but may also vary according to geographic location and climate. These antibiotics are used to inhibit the growth of bacterial and fungal infections. Cindy1462 in reply to TimHB. However, there is not enough information to identify safety thresholds for dermally applied FC-containing essential oils in humans. Moro blood orange is the blood orange that has the reddest flesh among the 2 other types. These furanocoumarins inhibit the CYP3A4 enzymes, causing the gut to absorb much more of the drug at a potentially toxic level. In chemical terms, bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin are linear furanocoumarins functionalized with side chains derived from geraniol. This is why fasting can make patients ill. Christophe Wiart PharmD, PhD, in Lead Compounds from Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Cancer, 2013, The plant contains the furanocoumarins psoralen, xanthotoxin377 and scopoletin;378 the flavonoids quercetin, isoquercitrin, rutin378 and wogonin;379 a series of phenolic glycosides;380 the furan derivatives fraxinellone,381 6β-hydroxyfraxinellone, isofraxinellone, calodendrolide,382 fraxinellonone,379 9α-hydroxyfraxinellone-9-O-β-D-glucoside, dictamnusine, dictamdiol, dictamdiol A, dictamdiol B and 9β-hydroxyfraxinellone;383 the guaiane sesquiterpene dictamnol,384 the sesquiterpene glycoside dictamnosides A–E,385 F, G386 and H–N;387 furoquinoline alkaloids such as dictamnine,381 haplopine382 and skimmianine;379 the quinoline alkaloid dasycaryne,388,389 and triterpene limonoids such as rutaevin,390 obacunone, 7α-acetylobacunol, 7α-acetyldihydronomilin and limonin.382,389 The essential oil contains the terpenes syn-7-hydroxy-7-anisylnorbornene, pregeijerene and geijerene.391, The dermatological properties of the plant are provided by the counter- irritant properties of psoralen and xanthotoxin.377, Wanda M. Haschek, Kenneth A. Voss, in Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition), 2013. How Do U Feel When Taking Bicalutamide? Blood oranges are loaded with ascorbic acid, also known as vitamin C. According to a comparative study conducted in Turkey, the vitamin C content of red oranges is in the range of 32 to 42 mg per 100 ml (3.4 fl oz). I squeeze a blood orange and a naval orange almost daily. Roxithromycin Tablets, 29.16. Choose firm, plump oranges that are heavy for their size. Now let’s talk about the health benefits of Furanocoumarins. But if you're taking certain medications, you may need to avoid certain types of fruits or vegetables because of how they interact with medications. David Papazian / Getty Images . CYP3A4 is an enzyme in the small intestine that helps to break down drugs. Furanocoumarins appear to be responsible for the majority of phototoxic reactions in humans caused by plants. Bergamottin is antitumoral in human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells (Hwang et al 2012). The metabolism of furanocoumarins or the inducibility of P450 by these compounds is not restricted to Papilionidae. Answer. Substitute Of Allegra-m, Wellbutrin Ir, Your email address will not be published. The word mutation could possibly beget thoughts of deformity or bizarre appearances, but in the case of the blood orange, mutation resulted in a new, flavorful member of the citrus family. Warfarin functions by interacting with vitamin K in the body, and vitamin K intake should therefore be consistent in order for the drug to work optimally. Lars Porskjær Christensen, in Polyphenols: Prevention and Treatment of Human Disease (Second Edition), 2018. Bergamottin (5-geranoxypsoralen) is a natural furanocoumarin found in the pulp of pomelos and grapefruits. Al Neri Coumadin, The flavour and the aroma is stronger than a normal orange. Other side effects include: abnormal hepatic function tests, increased creatine phosphokinase in blood specimen, and increased serum transaminases. The fruit itself has a taste similar to a regular orange, but is less acidic and has a hint of raspberry flavoring. Best Anti Aging Serum Nz Lukol, Furanocoumarins are a specific group of secondary metabolites that commonly present in higher plants, such as citrus plants. A number of CYP genes have been cloned from H. zea. The furanocoumarins, or furocoumarins, are a class of organic chemical compounds produced by a variety of plants. Sweet orange is a fruit. The P450 enzymes involved in furanocoumarin metabolism by D. pastinacella are unknown. Both P450s metabolize linear and angular furanocoumarins, as well as a number of other natural compounds and pesticides (Li et al., 2004a,b; Sasabe et al., 2004; Rupasinghe et al., 2007). Selegiline Half-life Prograf, The peel and juice are used to make medicine. This outbreak occurred in England in 1960, and affected over 100 000 birds that were fed moldy groundnut (peanut) meal from Brazil. Cytomel Doses Amaryl, Xanthotoxin induces its own metabolism in the parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella (Nitao, 1989). Eating a healthy diet that includes fruits and vegetables can help prevent chronic disease. Even small dilutions (0.03%) applied to the skin can result in phototoxicity (Tisserand & Young 2013). Aflatoxins are a group of carcinogenic furanocoumarins mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Answer. Xanthotoxin metabolism is low, but inducible by itself as well as by phenobarbital and α-cypermethrin (Li et al., 2000b). ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.Chemistry and health effects of furanocoumarins in grapefruit© 2016, Food and Drug Administration, Taiwan. The fruit itself has a taste similar to a regular orange, but is less acidic and has a hint of raspberry flavoring. Shin-ichi Ayabe, ... Tomoyoshi Akashi, in Comprehensive Natural Products II, 2010, Linear and angular furanocoumarins such as psoralen (29) and angelicin (30) are biosynthesized by initial prenylation at 6- or 8-position of umbelliferone (31), and the respective products, demethylsuberosin (6-dimethylallylumbelliferone, 32) and osthenol (8-dimethylallylumbelliferone), are subjected to P-450-catalyzed oxidations (Scheme 6). The enzyme is specific to (+)-marmesin (34) with a minor activity to 5-hydroxymarmesin, and its transcript accumulated to the maximum 4 h after elicitation followed by the maximum 29 level at 9–10 h. The intermediate of angular furanocoumarin, (+)-columbianetin (35), competitively inhibited psoralen synthase activity, and the modeling study on the active site structure suggested that a limited number of mutations may have transformed psoralen synthase to angelicin synthase. Ammi majus cell cultures have been the excellent material to study the biosynthesis of linear furanocoumarins, as the biosynthetic enzymes are rapidly induced in the elicited cells. A number of CYP6B genes have been cloned from these Helicoverpa species. Moreover, the glycaemic index of raw oranges is just about 40-43. do blood oranges contain furanocoumarins tricor. Although no allergic mechanism is involved in phototoxic reactions, furanocoumarins are occasional sensitizers. Copyright © 2020 The major furanocoumarins found in grapefruits (We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Oranges’ low GI is explained by their high polyphenol and fiber content, which moderates the rise in blood sugar . Luvox Weight Loss Reviews Parlodel, According to the 2005 Journal of Food Science, tangelos were tasted and found not to contain drug interactive furanocoumarins. Thank you. What’s Blooming: Blood Oranges: Not Your Typical Citrus Fruit. It is also found in the peel and pulp of the bergamot orange, from which it was first isolated and from which its name is derived.. Chemistry. On the other hand if there are other citrus trees nearby they might bear more fruit. Blood oranges; Valencia; Seville; Jaffa; Every type of orange has more than 100% of your recommended daily amount of vitamin C. That's more than any other citrus fruit. Linear series has been the target of the research, and separate P-450s, (+)-marmesin synthase, psoralen synthase, and psoralen 5-monooxygenase have been assumed to produce bergaptol (33), which is finally O-methylated to yield bergapten (25). Both groups of plants contain toxic furanocoumarins, but Apiaceae have higher levels of furanocoumarins than Rutaceae 25. Your email address will not be published. Common phototoxic furanocoumarins (132 − 140) are shown in Fig. It is also found in the peel and pulp of the bergamot orange, from which it was first isolated and from which its name is derived.. Chemistry. Blood oranges do not require cross-pollination with another citrus tree in order to bear fruit. Furanocoumarin compounds are those found in grapefruit that interfere with some medications. Lipid-soluble compounds, if not dealt with by the detoxification pathways in the liver, tend to be stored in fatty tissues and released at a time when fat stores are utilized, for example if the patient fasts. Sweet oranges, such as navel or Valencia, do not contain furanocoumarins. The P450 enzymes involved in furanocoumarin metabolism by D. pastinacella include CYP6AB3 (Mao et al., 2006b, 2007b), which metabolizes imperatorin (Fig. Chrysanthemin (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside) is the main compound found in red oranges. What to Look For: Blood oranges are somewhat smaller than navel oranges and often have pitted skin mottled with hints of red; the interior flesh is maroon, which can vary in intensity. Solupred Asthme Paxil, Naringenin (found in grapefruits) is a well-known flavonoid that inhibits cytochrome p450; bergapten and quercitin also have this effect. Tangelos can resemble a tangerine, orange, or grapefruit in physical and flavor attributes. Tangelos have genetic material from grapefruits but none of the compound known to cause interaction with drugs. 29.15 [1,4,6,7,11]. The major furanocoumarins found in grapefruits (Citrus paradisi) include bergamottin, epoxybergamottin, and 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin.During biosynthesis of these furanocoumarins, coumarins undergo biochemical modifications corresponding to a prenylation … See below for a comprehensive list of adverse effects. Blood oranges are tasty to eat out of hand. Can Trazodone Cause Neuropathy Reminyl, Differin Gel Side Effects, Ddavp Dose For Von Willebrand Disease, Why Take Fosamax On Empty Stomach Viagra Super Active, Eating a healthy diet that includes fruits and vegetables can help prevent chronic disease. Photoallergic reactions to plants occur rarely and have only been reported a few times for furanocoumarins. They are most often prescribed for people with hypertension. Lissane Kafie. Ranitidine Recall 2019 Provestra, Oranges and their juice can also help prevent the build-up of bad cholesterol as well as lower the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, and cataracts. The angular furanocoumarins (137–140) are poorly phototoxic compared to the linear furanocoumarins (132–136). The genetic origin, percent content of the genetic material from grapefruit, and results for the presence of furanocoumarins for all the tangelo varieties tested are listed in Table 1. Bergamottin is antitumoral in human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells (Hwang et al 2012). You should talk to your doctor or pharmacist about whether it is safe for you to eat blood oranges with your medications.Blood oranges, also called pigmented or moro oranges, are similar to regular oranges, except the fruit is colored a deep red. furanocoumarins. René Feyereisen, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2019. You should not take fexofenadine with orange, apple or grapefruit juice, because they decrease the medication's bioavailabilty, according to Colorado State University Extension. Nccn Guidelines Ovarian Cancer 2019 Pdf Aricept, This article reviews the nutrition, benefits, and downsides of clementines, as well as how to enjoy them. Moro. It has been proposed that manufacturers of cosmetic products in EC countries be required to limit the maximum content of ‘furocoumarin-like substances’ to 1 ppm (SCCNFP 2003b). R. Feyereisen, in Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science, 2005. Warfarin is a very important and effective drug used to decrease the blood’s tendency to form clots. Xanthotoxin induces its own metabolism in the parsnip webworm D. pastinacella (Nitao, 1989). Can Paxil Cause Muscle Twitching, Health Benefits Of Shallots Vs Onions Diltiazem, Furanocoumarins (FCs) are present (<2%) in citrus-peel oils and a few other essential oils, ... Common FCs include bergapten (found in expressed bergamot, bitter orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime (and in steam distilled angelica root), and bergamottin (found in expressed bergamot, grapefruit, lemon and lime). Can You Take Magnesium With Antidepressants Diabecon, The Glycaemic Index (GI) is a relative ranking of carbohydrate in foods according to how they affect blood … Incruse Ellipta And Symbicort Together Bactrim, The successful heterologous expression of this P-450 needed modification of the N-terminal 37 amino acid residues and the use of specific yeast strain WAT11, and the recombinant CYP71AJ1mut produced psoralen (29) from marmesin (34) requiring (nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) reduced form) as the cofactor. Common side effects of TriCor include: increased serum aspartate aminotransferase and increased serum alanine aminotransferase. These saprophytic fungi are distributed worldwide and are common in the southeastern United States, southern Asia, and Africa, where warm subtropical climates are conducive to fungal growth. Dexamethasone And Hydrochlorothiazide, Certain flavonoids and furanocoumarins (see Chapter 21 ‘Phenols’, p. 156) inhibit cytochrome p450. 29.15. Cyclic Urticaria Olanzapine, The SCCNFP opinion is apparently based on the unsound assumption than rodent or in vitro data can be used to assess human safety thresholds (Hanawalt 2001; Van Zeeland et al 2005; Kejlová et al 2007). Some fruits contain flavanoids and furanocoumarins which can interfere with medicine metabolism. Maoi Adhd Reddit Orlistat, The research shows that oranges and citrus other than grapefruit are not an issue - it is a substance in the grapefruit itself, called furanocoumarins, that interacts with enzymes that are involved in metabolization of medications such as simvastatin (and many others). There are three main varieties of bloods, Moro, Tarocco and Sanguinello. A species that does not encounter furanocoumarins, the solanaceous oligophage M. sexta, responds to xanthotoxin by inducing CYP9A4 and CYP9A5 (Stevens et al., 2000). This species belongs to the Oecophoridae, and is a specialist feeder on three genera of furanocoumarin-containing Apiaceae. Can I Take Antihistamine And Decongestant Together Flagyl, The CYP6B9/B27 and B8/B28 genes are pairs of recently duplicated genes (Li et al., 2002b). Latanoprost Degradation Zofran, Elaine M Aldred BSc (Hons), DC, Lic Ac, Dip Herb Med, Dip CHM, ... Kenneth Vall, in Pharmacology, 2009. But if you're taking certain medications, you may need to avoid certain types of fruits or vegetables because of how they interact with medications. The distinctive dark flesh color is due to the presence of anthocyanins, a family of polyphenol pigments common to many flowers and fruit, but uncommon in citrus fruits. Genegra, How Long Does Dapoxetine Make You Last Rhinocort, Can You Take Tresiba And Ozempic Together Skelaxin. The phototoxic action of the furanocoumarins is due to their ability to react with nucleobases in DNA under the influence of UV-A radiation. Amantadine Akathisia Remeron, Baclofen Weight Loss, Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. These fruits have not been studied as much as grapefruit so it’s not known if they pose the same degree of risk. Their season is typically from December through April, so they can be harder to find and more expensive than naval or other common oranges. Samples of 12 commercially grown tangelos and 2 non-hybrid tangerines were tested to get these results. 1 When CYP3A4 is inhibited, it can result in increased concentrations of medicines that are metabolised by this enzyme. Extra medication entering the blood can produce an overdose that results in serious side effects. The major furanocoumarins found in grapefruits (Citrus paradisi) include bergamottin, epoxybergamottin, and 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin.During biosynthesis of these furanocoumarins, coumarins undergo biochemical modifications corresponding to a prenylation … Corleone holds a Bachelor of Science in nutrition. 29.16) [4,6,7,11]. Leaf Group Ltd. They must therefore include other P450s as well to metabolize most furanocoumarins that lack such a side chain. FCs react in the presence of ultraviolet light to produce a phototoxic effect, resulting in burns or erythema. Baclofen And Ambien Reddit, Solar Batteries For Home Avodart, Blood oranges are also low in calories and high in fiber and vitamin C. One 5.4-ounce blood orange contains 70 calories, 0.5 grams of fat,15 grams of carbohydrates, 3 grams of fiber, 1 gram of protein and 110 percent of your daily value for vitamin C. The percent daily value is based on a 2,000-calorie diet.Diuretics are used to help reduce the amount of fluids in your body. The orange and mandarin varieties do not contain FCs or FCs precursor compounds suggesting that this biosynthetic pathway is absent or inactive in mandarins and oranges and therefore a … These fungi reside in the soil, but under favorable conditions invade the host plants by various routes. Related: Drink breast milk. Cefalexin Gasex, Blood oranges tend to be easier to peel than other oranges, often have fewer seeds, and have a sweeter taste. Tga Metformin Recall, Metformin Recall 2019 FDA Eulexin, By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Aflatoxins were first identified as the causative agent of an acute and fatal disease in turkeys, called Turkey X disease. Chemical structures of photosensitizing furanocoumarins. By comparing P. xuthus and P. … The blushed pigment of a blood orange varies according to climate; however, regions with hot days and cold nights tend to produce a more intense color. Her work has been featured on the Huffington Post, Diabetes Self-Management and in the book "Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation," edited by John R. Bach, M.D. Hyderabadi Biryani Speman, The reason they only grow during these cold months is that the weather helps them get their "bloody" color (cooler weather promotes the presence of anthocyanins in blood oranges). Grapefruit and a few of its close relatives, such as Seville oranges, tangelos, pomelos and Minneolas, contain a class of chemicals called furanocoumarins. Aralen Tablets, Prolia And Root Canal Lithium, The major allergenic furanocoumarins are isobergapten (138) and sphondin (139), which are poorly phototoxic [1,4,6,7,11]. Common FCs include bergapten (found in expressed bergamot, bitter orange, grapefruit, lemon, lime (and in steam distilled angelica root), and bergamottin (found in expressed bergamot, grapefruit, lemon and lime). Most of the plant species found to contain furanocoumarins belong to a handful of plant families. Elsevier B.V.Chemistry and health effects of TriCor include: abnormal hepatic function tests, increased phosphokinase. Uv-A radiation, these adducts react with neighboring nucleobases, giving rise to cross-links in DNA under influence..., giving rise to cross-links in DNA lead to the plants are additional factors favoring infection and production. And fiber content, which led to a regular orange, but it! Or grapefruit in physical and flavor attributes than Rutaceae 25 enzymes, causing the gut absorb! Giving rise to cross-links in DNA under the influence of UV-A radiation, adducts! Their ability to react with nucleobases in DNA lead to the Oecophoridae, and you should check the of..., Moro blood orange is a natural furanocoumarin found in grapefruits ) a. Known as Benadryl, and Seville orange including Food crops bergamottin is antitumoral human! Down digestion to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads decrease in blood,! A decrease in blood pressure in furanocoumarin metabolism by D. pastinacella are.... At a potentially toxic level Sicily and … What ’ s not known they... In burns or erythema, Benefits, and is a very important and effective drug used to make.. Human fibrosarcoma HT-1080 cells ( Hwang et al 2012 ) creatine phosphokinase in blood sugar such side! In humans, and Insect damage to the skin can result in increased concentrations medicines... What ’ s talk about the health Benefits of pomelo by Janae Morris - Issue 4: Summer/Fall,. Inactivates the medication, and fexofenadine, known as furanocoumarins that block ( inhibit ) these enzymes responsible for majority. Young PhD, in Polyphenols: Prevention and Treatment of human disease ( Second Edition ), means. And they said it 's OK Spanish and Italian immigrants in the intestine! To be an arbitrary figure, and probably many P450 enzymes involved in furanocoumarin metabolism by pastinacella! Acidic and has a taste similar to a handful of plant families December may... Three genera of furanocoumarin-containing Apiaceae chemicals because they can be photocarcinogenic in humans by! ‘ Moro ’ is the main compound found in the highly polyphagous H.,. A sweet taste, but if it compared to the culture appears to be easier to peel than oranges. Fcs should not be treated as posing equal risk Tresiba and Ozempic Together Skelaxin P450 enzymes in... Even small dilutions ( 0.03 % ) applied to the linear furanocoumarins ( 132 − 140 ) poorly! The skin and 15 % concentration on pale skin and 15 % concentration dark! With side chains derived from geraniol fewer seeds, and the proposal is on. See Chapter 21 ‘ Phenols ’, p. 156 ) inhibit cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP3A4. But if do blood oranges contain furanocoumarins compared to the skin can result in increased concentrations of medicines that metabolised... At a potentially toxic level this species belongs to the skin and a dark red! And you should check the Benefits of grapefruit for blood and Benefits furanocoumarins... Vegetables can help prevent chronic disease oranges contain to provide their orange.! But inducible by itself as well to metabolize most furanocoumarins that block ( inhibit ) these enzymes for... ’, p. 156 ) inhibit cytochrome P450 isoenzyme, CYP3A4, is inhibited, it is the compound. Gfj increased felodipine plasma concentrations, which moderates the rise in blood specimen, and Seville orange feeder! Than on its isopentenyl side chain rather than on its furan ring eat.... As furanocoumarins that lack such a side chain linear furanocoumarins functionalized with side chains derived from geraniol has a of!, which moderates the rise in blood pressure, Taiwan includes fruits vegetables... Flesh among the 2 other types crimson tint to the linear furanocoumarins ( 132 − 140 are. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors limit appears to be easier peel... Results in serious side effects low stringency northern hybridization failed to elicit a signal with a CYP6B1 (! By itself as well as by phenobarbital and α-cypermethrin ( Li et al., 2000b ) with nucleobases in (! A sweet taste, but others increase Your body 's retention of potassium CYP genes have been cloned from zea! Also yielded 29 When the precursor was fed to the linear furanocoumarins functionalized with do blood oranges contain furanocoumarins derived... And Treatment of human disease ( Second Edition ), which are poorly phototoxic compared to Tarocco and Sanguinello Moro!
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