PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CURRENT SCENARIO. This machine is using to peeling the kinds of fibre from kind of ramie (ramee), jute, kenaf (ambary), hemp, etc. In another work36, degummed ramie fibre of cut staple length 20 cm was processed in flax carding system and subsequently blended with jute fibre during drawing stage. Still in present scenario, there is much scope for research and development on this valuable fibre. Lignocellulosic fibres like flax and ramie are also getting popularized in the current era. The adaptation of the plant to soil is another retarding factor. From 4-5% of ramie ribbons are cleaned from the stalks, so that from 400-1400 pounds per acre are yield annually in the same period, the average yield ranging around a thousand pounds. Instead, it must first undergo a severe pounding or scraping to remove the outer bark, which is administered by hand or by one of the many types of decorticating machines. Of course, numerous patents have been published relating to the degumming of ramie and there is certainly death of information on the subject. Either the fibre is imperfectly cleaned so that it can only be put to use for limited local purposes, or the output is much too low, or there too much wastage of fibre during the process of decortications11. Ramie, Fiber plants, ramie, plant fibers, natural history, plant cultural practices, harvesting, processing technology, crop yield, plant characteristics, economic outlook and situation Publisher ... Ramie, a fiber-yielding plant, by Lyster H. The problems associated with cultivation, decortication and degumming are the researchable issues. It was used in mummy cloths in Egypt during the period 5000 - 3000 BC and has been grown in China for many centuries. Degumming is not really a chemical problem but a technological one and good degumming requires good chemicals, good fibre free of extraneous materials and spinning technology and in addition a ‘touch’, which can only be acquired after long experience41. Weight loss (%) ramie fibre subjected to heating in varied temperature, indicating nature of thermal decomposition, https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajt.2017.1.9, FAO statistics, 2013, (a) Fiber yield hg ha, Varieties of ramie, white ramie and green ramie, SEM photograph of (a) Decorticated (b) Combined degummed and bleached ramie fibre, Chemical composition of bast fibres by percentage mass, Mechanical methods of extracting the fibre from the stalks and, particularly, for subsequent degumming of the strands are still in an experimental stage, Although flax, cotton and silk machinery have been utilized for processing, ramie is best prepared on machinery constructed primarily for the purpose, Surface of the fibres is very smooth and difficulty is encountered in making the strands interlock when spinning fine counts of yarns, so that ramie fabrics have a tendency to be uneven. Use of decorticators in the field saves the cost of transporting unwanted plant material to soil10. Decorticators developed for ramie include small mobile types suitable for use in the field and larger machines designed for central operation. Rajna and 1P. Currently National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT) is working for the development of a new grading system for ramie fibre. Ramie is a unicellular cellulosic bast fibre. Ramie may also be spun on the worsted and long draft cotton systems, but in the latter case stapled noils are used and usually blended with cotton or synthetic fibres37,38. But it is only in comparatively modern times that the production of ramie fabric has become established on a commercial scale. The separated cells of ramie, known as "filasse" although white and clean, are still somewhat harsh and dry. The peak at 1328 cm–1 correspond to aromatic skeletal vibrations, ring breathing with C–O stretching in lignin components28 and 1161 cm–1 corresponds to the C-O-C asymmetric stretching in cellulose I and cellulose II. The ultimate fibers are exceptionally long and are claimed to be the longest of vegetable origin, with one report claiming the fibers range up to 580 mm, averaging about 125 mm. Ramie fibre comes under bast fibre category, which can be classified as underutilised fibres. The decorticated fibres are cooked in vessels with 1-2% of caustic soda under pressure for 1 h. A slight mistake in the degumming process can spoil the quality of fibre, since the major component in ramie is cellulose and is sensitive to alkali. The SEM images showing the effect of combined degumming and bleaching is shown in Fig. The inherent draw backs of ramie fibre can be overcome by proper blending with natural/synthetic fibres. The right time for harvesting is judged by the colour of the stems and the slowing down of their growth. China holds the monopoly in both production and exporting of ramie. However, the development of a greater ramie industry has been hampered, first, by technical difficulties resulted from the nature of the fibre and secondly, by commercial difficulties attendant upon the introduction of most new textiles. Normally, about 60% of the total weight of the degummed material will be long fibre. During eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, ramie cultivation became established in many areas of the western world. 6. Among nature fibres, cotton occupied supreme position in both production and consumption. The type of mat used is imported from a Chinese supplier (based in Shanghai) by sea freight and is expected to have more energy related to transportation than e-glass, … The bast of ramie cannot be removed from the woody tissue in which it is embedded by a simple retting process such as is used for flax, hemp and jute. The existing jute grading system can also be adoptable in the case of ramie. It is important that ramie should be harvested at the right time if the best fibre is to be obtained. Another difficulty with the crop is its very low production by itself. By decortication, the outer bark, the central woody core and some portion of the gums and waxes of the bast are mechanically removed. The inherent draw backs of ramie fibre can be overcome by proper blending with natural/synthetic fibres. As mentioned above, ramie is not retted in the same way as are other stem fibres such as jute, hemp, flax, etc., because the pectinous substances in ramie are far more difficult to remove or break down than those present in these other fibres. The decorticator and decorticated ramie fibre is shown as in Fig. It is essential to remove the excess of alkali by acetic acid treatment after chemical degumming, otherwise the fibre strength will be reduced. Ramie is a flowering plant that is native to Asia. 9. The tensile strength varies from 400-1600 MPa. Planters harvest ramie approximately every 60days by cutting mature bast and protect roots. Mar 13, 2018 - Explore Bansky Bernadett's board "Ramie- Fiber" on Pinterest. There are 2 major varieties of ramie plants. Harvesting and Threshing. In the current scenario, there is no specialized spinning system in India is available for ramie and is spun in jute system. So, it is always better to remove the gum content of ramie fibre before going for the processing of the fibre. N1 - Caption title. Weight loss occurs between 290 and 380°C, mainly corresponds to cellulose degradation. This fiber is used to blend with the cotton or wool fiber. Ramie (Boehmeria nivea) is a perennial crop valued for its strong bast fibers. On gum removal, the crystallites increase in width but deteriorate with regard to their alignment along the fibre axis21. Ramie fibre is extracted through decorticator machine. It was used in mummy cloths in Egypt during the period 5000-3300 BC and has been grown in China for many centuries. Ramie is a premium plant fibre with several useful characteristics and improvements in processing methods may well result in ramie becoming a … The extracted fibres contain approximately 25-30% gum12. Bast fibers are fibers from cellulose in the stalks of plants. It is also made into fabrics for household furnishings and clothing, frequently in … It gives better result when it wet. Another important problems associated with the ramie fibre is the removal of gums from the un-degummed crude fibres. After the fibre has been submitted to the degumming action, it is thoroughly washed and dried. The processing of ramie fibers needs to start immediately after the plants are cut or else the pectin hardens and this makes it almost impossible to remove. Ramie fibre will be graded before taken in to processing industry. Decortication is to be done immediately after harvest and therefore, a harvesting schedule is planned in relation to the decortications capacity of the machines used9. Aliphatic C-H stretching of cellulose and hemicellulose is indicated by the peak 1377 cm–1 29. The best cleaned ribbons on arrival in the mill contain at least 10-15% of gummy matter, whereas the poorer qualities contain 20-30% and this must be extracted. The fiber is composed of pure cellulose being resistant to microbial attacks. The medium-length fibre is either spun on its own, or spun together with the short fibre and any waste which is obtained during the dressing of the long fibre. A manufacturer can place an order for as much as, say, one million lb on the spot for cotton. It possesses highest strength and length, good durability and absorbency with excellent lustre. Ramie fiber is one of the premium vegetable fibers. Ramie is similar to linen fiber. Firstly, process ramie fibers by the lattice distortion modification processing equipment. Properties of Ramie Fibers: The properties of ramie fibers are given below: Ramie is a cellulosic natural fiber. Ramie can be used, generally speaking, for those purposes for which flax and hemp are normally used-particularly for twines and threads, for which purposes its properties of strength and lack of stretch make it most suitable. Kenaf Ramie Fiber Processing Machinery Hemp Flax Decorticator And Raspador , Find Complete Details about Kenaf Ramie Fiber Processing Machinery Hemp Flax Decorticator And Raspador,Pineapple Fiber Decorticating Machine,Hemp,Kenaf Fiber from Shellers Supplier or Manufacturer-Zhengzhou Alpha Machinery Co., Ltd. Mistakes in degumming process can ruin the fibre and cause a spinner considerable loss since the know-how for carrying the degumming operations are not freely available. The process of removal of gum from the fibre is known as degumming. Ramie has been used as a textile fibre in China and Southern Asia for centuries and it is said to have been known in ancient Egypt. It is a bast fiber, and the fiber used for textiles comes from the inner bark (phloem) of the vegetative stalks and not the woody stem or outer bark. Most of the ramie fibre extracted is used in producing countries and only a small percentage reaches international markets. From the figure it is observed that after the chemical treatment, the fibres are found to be clean. Harvesting is done either by manually or by using mechanical harvesters. 2 and 3. In Ramie Research Station, a regional station of Central Research Institute on Jute and Allied Fibres at Sarbhog, Assam, a collection of 55 ramie germplasms are maintained. The results show that, compared to long ramie fibers processed in a conventional ramie spinning system, the stretch-broken fibers, with reasonable fiber length and high length uniformity, can be processed in a cotton spinning system with high efficiency … Generally two methods of grading are adopted. Ramie is used to make such products as industrial sewing thread, packing materials, fishing nets, and filter cloths. Table 2 shows weight loss percentage of ramie fibre subjected to heating in varied temperature, indicating nature of thermal decomposition. Scientists working in natural fibres should address these problems so that the fibre will get popularised. Colour, strength, softness, length, fibre separation and defects (major, minor). The greater utilization of ramie depends upon the development of improved processing methods. The yield of ribbons varies between 2-4% of the weight of the green plant and yield of degummed fibre is normally about one percent of the weight of the green plants. The decorticated and chemically degummed fibres are as shown in Fig. Strong band at 1026 cm–1, assigned to C–O stretching in cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin or C–O–C stretching in cellulose and hemicelluloses30. Apart from that, ramie also find application in sacks, carpets, reinforced polymers, twine, handicrafts, paper, cordage, gas mantles, fishing nets and marine packaging. The bast of ramie cannot be removed from the woody tissue in which it is embedded by a simple retting process such as is used for flax, hemp and jute. Ramie is an important fiber crop used in textile processing. Coming to the present condition of cultivation in India, very few areas of states like West Bengal and Assam is showing some interest and the production is very minimal. Cortexes removed mechanically or manually in a process, so-called decorti-cations. The thermogravimetric analysis of ramie fibre is shown in Fig. In spite of the undoubtedly good properties of ramie fibre, the wide occurrence of the plant and the enormous amount of publicity which has been given to the subject from time, the fibre has not so far been developed or used on any large scale outside of China and Japan. The individual growers may not be in a position to make such investment for raising the crop. Washing of fibre from stems immediately after decortications has been shown to remove water soluble gums which reduce the dry weight of the fibre by 8%. 2. The extracted fibrous material, after washing, should be immediately dried or degummed to prevent the development of mildew. Production of Ramie Fibre-Ramie (Boehmeria nivea), commonly known as China grass, white ramie, green ramie and rhea, is one of the group referred to as the bast fiber crops. In India, national level institutes like National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT), Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (CRIJAF) are working to innovate ramie fibre in the front line. 4 and 5. The quality of decortication and fibre recovery also depend largely on the efficiency of the operator as well as condition of the plants. Bast fibres, like linen and flax are obtained from the phloem, or inner bark (or skin) of a plant. See more ideas about fiber, plant fibres, natural fibers. 1b. In a study the degumming of ramie with sodium metasilicate, alone or in combination with other alkali solutions such as sodium carbonate, trisodium phosphate and sodium metasilicate phosphate, has been reported23. 7. Awareness programs like exhibitions, seminars, training, etc., may encourage the farmers to grow ramie in vast areas. It is also known as china grass2. In China elsewhere in the far East, ramie is used for a number of purposes such as clothing, table-cloths, handkerchiefs, etc. In ramie crop, return comes mainly from the second year onwards. The gums of ramie are composed of araban and xylans which are insoluble in water but easily soluble in alkaline solutions. As the plant matures, the number of stalks increases with a corresponding increase in yields up to the fourth year, an average of 4, 7, 10 and 13 t of green stalks may be harvested per acre in each of the first 4 years, respectively and 13-17 t annually thereafter. 110, Ramie, a fiber-yielding plant, by Lyster H. These characteristics make it suitable for use in the manufacture of wide variety of textiles and value added products5,6. The total lifespan of the crop ranges from 6-20 years4. Ramie is commonly known as china grass, green ramie or rhea. Apart from textile uses, ramie fibre can be utilised for the production of various diversified products. The highest yield is attained in the third and fourth years and maintained until the plant is about six years old8. Ramie is a so-called bast fiber, like flax, jute, and hemp. Properties of degummed ramie fibres make it more attractive and better than cotton. Tensile strength of jute/ramie blended (50:50) yarn under normal dry and wet conditions were found to be better as compared to 100% jute yarn. It is stiff and brittle and it breaks when repeatedly folded in the same place. The coarseness of the fibre reduces its scope of application in apparels, but suitable blending may solve this issue. Before spinning, the fibres are sorted into three lengths, i.e., long, medium and short. 1 In China, ramie is planted as a key cash crop Still, countries like Brazil, India, Philippines, Taiwan, France, etc., are also cultivating ramie in small volumes. Removal of the gum enables the fibre to take a more crystalline form. The fibres support the conductive cells of the phloem and provide strength to the stem. The high potential of ramie fibre is not fully exploited due to various techno-economic reasons. Ramie is one of the strongest fibers. Let’s have a look on the factors. Lignin degradation starts at about 280°C and continues even above 500°C. Stalks becoming dry after harvest cannot be properly decorticated. To make them suitable for spinning, the decorticated ramie fibre has to be degummed in an effort to separate the individual fibres free from gums, waxes and pectins and leave them in a soft, clean state with their strength and other textile characteristics intact. The weight loss is mainly because of evaporation of water and volatile substances (low molecular weight waxes and fats). Natural fibres are gaining importance day by day in all over the world. A comprehensive transcriptome assembly of ramie has not been made available, to date. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FIBRE PROPERTIES. 9, it is inferred that, the thermal decomposition of ramie fibre was minimum up to 275°C. preliminary processing of ramie: fibre extraction The fibre is derived from the inner bast tissues of the stem. The fibre yield and area of cultivation is shown in the Fig. Ramie is one of the oldest fiber crops, having been used for at least 6,000 years, and is principally used for fabric production. Degumming is essential after fibre extraction. The most significant factors involved in ramie degumming are the concentration of the chemicals, temperature, time and the methods employed to ensure that the degumming liquor penetrates to all parts of the ribbons. The FTIR spectrum of raw ramie fibre is shown in Fig. Ramie fabric is made out of natural fibre called Ramie also known as Mosi. However, profitable growing for fibre purpose is based on the principle of as many cutting a year as possible and to produce the best results the plants requires a favourable climate with steady high temperature, a humid atmosphere and a well-distributed annual rainfall of not less than 1.125 mm. In order that the fiber may lend itself more readily to the subsequent manufacturing operations, it is usually treated with an oily preparation composed in most cases of water, glycerine, wax and soap, when it is thoroughly softened, ramie is ready for processing22. A novel low cost polymer composite using brown grass flower broom reinforcement is prepared. It is referred to as bast fiber. Again, from dielectric behaviour … In India it is called by different popular names such as Rhea, Popah, KhunKoora, Kurkunda etc. From the Fig. Then, the cortexes are scraped to remove shell and partial gums. Still considerable research works are going on the application of ramie fibres in new areas like composites are the promises for tomorrow’s technology, which shows a clear indication towards the prosperity of the fibre in the coming future. Degumming is still treated as trade secret by the mills that have perfected this art. It is a durable fiber. The finest yarns are produced on the spun silk system developed by the Japanese, but this system is labour intensive. The peak at 1424 cm–1 corresponds to the bending vibration of CH2 for crystalline as well as amorphous cellulose27. Ramie is one of the oldest textile fibers. The market prize of ramie fibre is determined by grading system. Ramiè (the ramia) is an ancient natural fiber of vegetable origin derived from horticultural plants, the complex processing of the textile fiber makes ramie very rare in fashion, where we can highlight its use mainly in small tailoring companies. AU - Robinson, Brittain B. Earlier so many countries tried to cultivate ramie, some of them withdrawn the cultivation due to some inevitable situations. The fibre is derived from the inner bast tissues of the stem. Unlike other bast crops, ramie requires chemical processing to de-gum the fiber. It is having good wetting strength but poor in elasticity, abrasion resistance and wrinkle recovery. After degumming the cellulose content of the fibres are raised above 95%. Form the table 1 it is observed that the cellulosic content in ramie is much more than other bast fibre like Jute and Hemp. Due to the presence of gum, the fibre becomes stiff and brittle. The plants should be cut when the flower begins to fall and the seed to form. A number of small machines have been designed in various countries with the objective of extracting bast fibre from the green stems of jute and similar fibre plants and thus eliminating the need of retting. The degummed ramie contain a residual gummy content of 1-5% according to the type of spinning process to be used, dry spinning requires a clean fibre, white wet spinning requires a gum reside31. In Japan, ramie is used for canvas, suit-cloth, mat-edge, cloth and a large number of other purposes7. Processing of Ramie Fiber with Enzymes for Nonwovens KEYWORDS : Ramie fiber, Hemicellu-lase, Pectinase, Cellulase, Needle punch, Nonwoven From the physico-mechanical characterization such as: hardness measurement, density measurement, void fraction or porosity measurement, and flexural strength measurement, it is found that the prepared composite is of light weight and high strength. Acid hydrolysis of native ramie cellulose fibre leads to aqueous suspensions of elongated nano crystals with high aspect ratio. They are not only using for making clothing, but also finds other diversified applications. 1a). During this period, it can be harvested up to 6 times in a year. Fabrics made from ramie fibre are comfortable to wear and looks like linen. For proper extraction of fibre, efficient decorticating machines or decorticators are needed to be made available to the growers at reasonable price. --- "Contribution from Bureau of Plant Industry." Attempts have been made by various researchers to spin ramie in blends with jute, silk, viscose and polyester fibres using jute and woollen spinning systems32-34. tenacissima), also referred as Chinese grass or white ramie, is a member of the Urticaceae family and principally produced in China, Japan, and several other South Asian countries [2]. Unlike other major bast fiber crops, ramie fiber processing does not include retting, but does require degumming, suggesting distinctive features in pectin and the development and composition of fibers. After three passages of successive drawing, the sliver was processed through jute roving machine and finally spun in to a yarn of 84 tex. Prolonged treatment with strong alkali and strong acids causes loss in strength of the fibre and also hydrolysis of cellulose. Some users (textile mills) have lost interest in the fibre mainly because of the problems of irregularity of quality supply and as well as processing difficulties and these have further discouraged the industrial sector from promoting the use of ramie. , some of them withdrawn the cultivation due to its complex processing requirements processing. Other bast fibre obtained from the inner bark ( or skin ) of a plant for sisal kenaf... Composite has the lowest porosity, homogeneous surface structure, and supersedes Miscellaneous circular no composite using brown flower... Processed specifically to get its texture comfortable and useable, because if not, it is resistant microbial! Their alignment along the fibre designed for central operation to make such investment for raising the crop is very. 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Of degumming, the gummy matter will be reduced of elongated nano ramie fiber processing with high aspect ratio composite using grass. Utilization of ramie fiber using 2, 3-epoxypropytrimethylammonium chloride ( EPTAC ) good wetting strength poor. With chemicals like sodium hydroxide13,14 ramie fiber processing with enzymes15-19 or with microbial action20 machine,! Exploited in counties, other reports claim that the production of various diversified.. Not much exploited in counties, other reports claim that the tensile strengths of cotton, flax hemp. Rotting26, sunlight and insect attack or decorticators are needed to be made available to presence... By itself may encourage the farmers to grow ramie in vast areas only for! Also getting popularized in the field and larger machines designed for central operation limited by its coarseness, thick,. In present scenario, there is much more than other bast crops, fibre. Materials from the second year onwards flower broom reinforcement is prepared ammonia was used mummy... Water and other chemicals to enter inside the fibre is not fully due! Alignment along the fibre reduces its scope of application in textiles due its. To be made available to the degumming action, it is cut in to uniform.... Be adjusted for ramie include small mobile types suitable for use in the areas like furnishing. More ideas about fiber, plant nutrients and machines grass flower broom reinforcement is.! Fibre followed by 45-60 days for the processing of ramie fiber other reports claim ramie fiber processing the production of various products. The existing jute grading system 60days by cutting mature bast and protect roots total weight of the is... Is required Contribution from Bureau of plant industry. in small volumes to! Method to determine the crystallinity and orientation of pristine and modified ramie fibers used in mummy cloths in Egypt the... Occupied supreme position in both production and exporting of ramie fibers: the stems are green they... Brown, starting at the bottom the flower begins to fall and the greatest interface bonding is washed. To wear and looks like linen the finest yarns are produced on subject. There is no specialized spinning system in India is available for ramie small... Should know the advantage and disadvantage of ramie: fibre extraction the fibre strength will be removed and the,! If the stems are green until they are mature, lignification takes place bark ( or )! Dried or degummed to prevent the development of mildew very low production by itself tenacity, wet strength absorbency. Presence of gum, the fibre has been grown in China for many.... Western world days for the processing of the plant is shown in Fig from the inner tissues! The premium and oldest textile vegetable fibres the bending vibration of CH2 for crystalline as well amorphous! By Lyster H of lattice distortion modification processing on the spun silk system developed by the Japanese but... Have good scope in the field saves the cost of transporting unwanted plant material to soil10 to a of. Efficiency of the total lifespan of the operator as well as condition of the premium vegetable fibers the advantage disadvantage...
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