The wealth of information documenting the gap is vast, but the following are some of the more telling statistics: The Global Achievement Gap, a new book by Tony Wagner, co-director of the Change Leadership Group, examines the U.S. education system in the 21st century, considers why American students are falling behind their international peers, and proposes methods to begin to correct the downward slide.In this Q&A, Wagner addresses this gap and offers advice on how educators can begin to close it. American College Testing. All of these factors can adversely affect educational achievement. "Comparability of State and Local Expenditures Among Schools Within Districts: A Report From the Study of School-Level Expenditures," Page 18. … Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to identify school-wide practices that exist in one outperforming urban high school that is narrowing the achievement gap. The achievement-gap issue is closely related to the concept of equity—fairness in education, equal access to learning opportunities, and greater equality in educational achievement, attainment, and benefits. "The Role of Schooling in Perpetuating Educational Inequality: An International Perspective." Generally speaking, achievement gap refers to outputs—the unequal or inequitable distribution of educational results and benefits—while opportunity gap refers to inputs—the unequal or inequitable distribution of resources and opportunities. Achievement gaps in the United States are observed, persistent disparities in measures of educational performance among subgroups of U.S. students, especially groups defined by socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity and gender. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Neither can a school affect other factors that influence the achievement gap such as family income, the students’ diet, language, and mobility. Educators can’t do much about an unsafe neighborhood, access to libraries, or the lack of jobs. LBGTQ students face these challenges plus outright discrimination both in K-12 and college. An ACT research study found a slight improvement in the gender achievement gap between 1998 and 2009. For the most part, female freshman students continued to outperform male students in all college courses. The gender achievement gap depends on the subject matter. It should be noted, however, that despite the dramatically increased attention to achievement gaps in American public education, and decades of well-intentioned reform efforts by educators and policy makers, achievement gaps have not only persisted, but progress has been modest at best (and in some cases achievement gaps have actually widened). Journal of Homosexuality. Journal of Human Resources, Volume 50, Number 3, Summer 2015. The achievement gap describes the disparity in academic performance between students who are in different groups. 106, No. Closely related to learning gap and opportunity gap, the term achievement gap refers to any significant and persistent disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between different groups of students, such as white students and minorities, for example, or students from higher-income and lower-income households. Another achievement gap that has received considerable attention in recent years is the lagging performance of American students on international tests in comparison to students from other developed countries. ©2014 Great Schools Partnership | 482 Congress Street, Suite 500 | Portland, ME 04101 | 207.773.0505 | greatschoolspartnership.org, The Glossary of Education Reform for Journalists, Parents, and Community Members, Programme for International Student Assessment, Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Students from higher-income and lower-income households and communities, Native English-speaking students and students who are learning English or who cannot speak English, including recently arrived immigrant or refugee students (see, Nondisabled students and students with physical or learning disabilities, Students whose parents have earned a college degree and students whose parents have not earned a college degree (these students are often called, American students and students from other countries, Poverty, income inequality, and lower socioeconomic status contributing to reduced, Minority status giving rise to racism, prejudice, stereotyping, ethnic bias, and institutionalized predispositions—such as the tendency in schools to lower academic expectations for minorities or enroll them in less-challenging courses—that may negatively affect educational achievement. While the controversial legislation is the object of ongoing national debate, one stated intent is to identify, address, and ultimately eliminate achievement gaps. These gaps limit economic growth even more than all recessions combined. Does Your Wealth Put You Into the Middle Class? By using The Balance, you accept our. Fortunately for us, the mathematics education community has, within the last two decades, made a determined effort to address the problems of mathematics education. The research found that this accounts for 37% of the reason for lower math scores. One reason is that low-income schools have more uncredentialed or inexperienced teachers.. There are many factors at play in the creation and perpetuation of the achievement gap, including school funding, teacher education, and … National Science Foundation. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. A school can improve class size and school safety. "Addressing the Inequitable Distribution of Teachers: What It Will Take to Get Qualified, Effective Teachers in All Communities," Page 1. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The achievement gap shows up in … "Among Top Math Students, Why Does a Gender Gap Persist?" Students with disabilities 4. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The Achievement Gap is an issue that goes hand-in-hand with the school-to-prison pipeline. Although disparities in test scores tend to be the most discussed, scrutinized, and reported achievement gaps, educational performance and attainment disparities may appear in a wide variety of data sets, including graduation rates, college-enrollment rates, college-completion rates, course grades, dropout rates, absenteeism rates, and disciplinary infractions, among many other possible categories of student-achievement data tracked by government agencies, districts, and schools. The achievement gap negatively affects individuals and society, as students miss out on job and career opportunities and the rest of us miss out on the contributions they might have made if there had been no gap. | Learn more ». We believe that technology companies, Microsoft included, have a responsibility to step up and help tackle this issue. "Identifying Factors That Contribute to Achievement Gaps." This exposure has not only raised awareness about the existence of achievement gaps, but it has contributed to increased scrutiny of student achievement—specifically, the achievement of students on the lower end of an achievement gap—and growing calls to address the problem. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. achievement gap, with teachers citing a lack of access to ed tech tools in the schools that are least able to provide access to technology for individual students. To place the achievement gaps in context, we describe changes in the average level of achievement among students at age 14 and age 17 for students born between 1954 and 2001. US2010 Project. Achievement gaps for racial minorities are correlated with gaps in income, poverty rates, unemployment rates, and parents’ education level. Boys and girls 5. Economic disadvantage produces a number of factors that create an achievement gap. The achievement gap can be observed on a variety of measures, including standardized test scores, grade point average, dropout rates, and college enrollment and completion … "Back to School: Five Myths About Girls and Science." Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. For example, approximately 42 percent of African Americans require remediation after graduating from high school. Educational Researcher. As Education Week explains it: “The achievement gap shows up in grades, standardized-test scores, course selection, dropout rates, and college-completion rates, among other success measures.” Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis. The Stanford Center for Policy Analysis found the correlation between achievement gaps and these socio-economic factors was at least 62% for Black communities and 83% for Latinx communities., A 2009 McKinsey study found that the average score of Black and Latinx students on standardized tests was two to three years behind that of White students of the same age.. "Students Affected by Achievement Gaps." Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. The achievement gap is the disparity in educational attainment between different groups. A generation of students is at risk. Over the years, the major reasons given for the claimed superior attainments of … Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. "The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics." The most commonly discussed achievement gap in the United States is the persistent disparity in national standardized-test scores between white and Asian-American students, two groups that score higher on average, and African-American and Hispanic students, two groups that score lower on average. Parent and family factors such as low educational attainment, unemployment, or familial instability contributing to reduced academic motivation, disrupted education, or lower educational and career aspirations. This gap exists for English language learners, students with disabilities, and students from families with low-income. As shown in the above chart, the gap in reading performance between the 90th percentile and the 10th percentile of U.S. 12th graders is at its … 1, 2008. National Education Association. The educational achievement gap in the United States exists in and out of the classroom, and extends from the earliest years of childhood across the lifespan. Department of Education. Most of the gains have come from an increase in Black and Latinx achievement scores in math and reading. The structure of the American system of public schooling and teacher preparation contributing to lower academic performance in comparison to some higher-performing, Do you know what it means when data is disaggregated? “The Economic Cost of the US Education Gap.” Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. National Bureau of Economic Research. For example, the 2001 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act—commonly known as the No Child Left Behind Act—requires schools and states to collect and report student-achievement data for multiple student subgroups (among many other provisions). An achievement gap refers to the observed disparity on a number of educational measures between the performance of groups of students, especially groups defined by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Ninth-grade males outnumber females four to one in the American Mathematics Competition. This discrepancy worsens by 12th grade, according to a Wharton Business School study. As a result, women are under-represented in high-paying careers in science, technology, engineering, and math.. When low income students spend time away from school, the achievement gap widens. For example, over half have of LGBTQ students have experienced slurs, sexual harassment, or violence because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. McKinsey & Company. Australian Journal of Education, Volume 52, No. Many other federal, state, and institutional policies—such as universal access to free public preschools or affirmative action in postsecondary admission decisions—represent additional efforts intended to address achievement gaps. "Personal Consumption Expenditures/Gross Domestic Product." achievement gap. The Balance uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience. "The College Payoff," Page 1. Rather, the “lifetime” hurt, according to McKinsey, is to their “productivity” as future workers: “The achievement gap costs the United States hundreds of billions of dollars.” The notion of an “achievement gap” emerged in the mid-1960s and has transfixed reformers for nearly 60 years. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. "The Education of Girls and Women in the United States: A Historical Perspective," Page 3. Workers' wages rise, creating more spending—It's a cycle that generates continued economic expansion. For the 10 year period 1998-2008, U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) would have been $525 billion higher in 2008 if there were no race-based achievement gap. Little or no English-language understanding, fluency, or literacy contributing to educational underperformance, decreased academic motivation, or higher dropout rates. Almost 60% of transgender students could not use the bathroom that conformed to their gender identity., LGBTQ high school students experience higher truancy, lower grades, and lower expectations to complete high school or college. High-school students who experience same-sex sexuality are less likely to complete college, but men who experience same-sex sexuality in college do not face this gap., A McKinsey study estimates that the achievement gap has cost the U.S. economy more than all recessions since the 1970s combined.. Brookings Institute, 2016 Brown Center Report on American Education. The achievement gap is an extremely nuanced and complicated issue that would be impossible to break down completely, but the underlying and overwhelming factor causing the achievement gap is money. These included two "inherited" characteristics—age of the head of the family and race—and one "acquired" characteristic—a college degree.. When it comes to gender, there are wide variations in achievement. Psychological Science in the Public Interest. However, the study contradicts research suggesting that socioeconomic achievement gaps have substantially widened in recent years. Achievement gaps exist at every level of education. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. The achievement gap between disadvantaged and well-off students is as wide today as it was for children born in 1954 when it comes to tests in math, reading, and science, researchers report in a new article for the journal Education Next.. Yet even as landmark government decisions such as Brown v. Board of Educationhelped bring racial minority educational dis… "How Well Are American Students Learning?" "The Gender Gap in Math: Its Possible Origins in Neighborhood Effects," Page 3. The National Educational Association cites eight areas that contribute to racial and income achievement gaps. They are divided into things schools can do something about and things outside of the school’s control. The Achievement Gap: Part 2. Racial and ethnic minorities 2. In the early twentieth century, for instance, this gap was noticed between wealthy American children of Western European descent and poor children of Italian and Eastern European immigrants. An individual school can’t control educational funding. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Cisgender students are guided towards "gender appropriate" studies. Get the free e-book 8 Great Ways to Close the Achievement Gap. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. American Sociological Review. Closely related to learning gap and opportunity gap, the term achievement gap refers to any significant and persistent disparity in academic performance or educational attainment between different groups of students, such as white students and minorities, for example, or students from higher-income and lower-income households. The achievement gap between high- and low-income students was even larger, at $400 billion to $670 billion, 3 to 5 percent of GDP. While particular achievement gaps may vary significantly in degree or severity from group to group or place to place, achievement gaps are defined by their consistency and persistence—i.e., achievement gaps are not typically isolated or passing events, but observable and predictable trends that remain relatively stable and enduring over time. Department of Education. Yet the causes are often so complex and overlapping that it is nearly impossible to determine all the factors that may give rise to particular achievement gaps or contribute to their persistence. Achievement gaps occur when one group of students (e.g., students grouped by race/ethnicity, gender) outperforms another group and the difference in average scores for the two groups is statistically significant (i.e., larger than the margin of error). Structural inequality is another culprit perpetuating the achievement gap. In the U.S., the definitions of these groups have changed over the years. Beyond Sex Differences: New Approaches for Thinking About Variation in Brain Structure and Function, The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics, The Gender Gap in Math: Its Possible Origins in Neighborhood Effects, Effects of Technology and Male Teachers on Boys’ Reading, The Education of Girls and Women in the United States: A Historical Perspective, Back to School: Five Myths About Girls and Science, Current Research on Gender Differences in Math, Gender and the Career Choice Process: The Role of Biased Self‐Assessments, The Influence of Peer Victimization on Educational Outcomes for LGBTQ and Non-LGBTQ High School Students, Same-Sex Sexuality and Educational Attainment: The Pathway to College, The Economic Cost of the U.S. Education Gap, The Financial Returns From College Across Generations: Large but Unequal, Personal Consumption Expenditures/Gross Domestic Product, Trends in Achievement Gaps in First-Year College Courses for Racial/Ethnic, Income, and Gender Subgroups: A 12-Year Study. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. "Transgender Students." A Department of Education study found that 45% of high-poverty schools received less state and local funding than other schools within their own districts.. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. For poor and minority families, a college degree boosts income 23 points and wealth 20 points over other families with the same inherited characteristics. McKinsey & Company. Journal of LGBT Youth. However, there are schools that have narrowed the achievement gap for historically underrepresented youth. Part 2 in the series on the Achievement Gap by guest blogger Takeshi Terada (tera0026@umn.edu). Over a lifetime, Americans with college degrees earn 84% more than those with only high school degrees., A 2018 Federal Reserve study evaluated the contributions of several demographic factors to family income and wealth. She writes about the U.S. Economy for The Balance. "Same-Sex Sexuality and Educational Attainment: The Pathway to College." The achievement gap is defined as the difference between the academic performance of one societal group and another. "Beyond Sex Differences: New Approaches for Thinking About Variation in Brain Structure and Function." The “achievement gap” in education refers to the disparity in academic performance between groups of students. Educational performance is measured by standardized tests, diplomas, access to higher education, or employment. The achievement gap between White students and Black, Latinx, and immigrant students is present before they begin school as children. Figure 3 shows a significant upward trend in the average achievement level for all adolescent students of approximately 0.3 standard deviations over the course of the past half century, or approximately 0.06 … How the Achievement Gap Affects Students (And the Rest of Us), Factors That Influence Educational Achievement, Economic Impact of Educational Achievement Gaps, How to Close the Racial Wealth Gap in the United States, Black and Latinx Home-Value Gaps Smallest Since 2007, Beat High College Costs With a Tuition Waiver, Top 10 States in Education With the Best Education. A school can’t influence a family’s cultural bias against the importance of education. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. By Harold Berlak. "The Influence of Peer Victimization on Educational Outcomes for LGBTQ and Non-LGBTQ High School Students." The Achievement Gap Initiative at Harvard University is a university-wide initiative to help raise achievement for all children while narrowing racial, ethnic and socio-economic gaps The educational achievement gaps are pervasive and expensive. By the time children of color are 3 or 4, they are already behind their White and East Asian counterparts. The recently released National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Grade 12 results found that the achievement gap between high- and low-performing students has widened significantly in both math and reading in the United States. Accessed Sept. 18, 2020. Accessed August 6, 2020. Created by the Great Schools Partnership, the GLOSSARY OF EDUCATION REFORM is a comprehensive online resource that describes widely used school-improvement terms, concepts, and strategies for journalists, parents, and community members. The gap between white and black scores on the LSAT in 2013 was a 1.06 standard deviation. Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education. In fact, it could be argued that most education-reform strategies are either directly or indirectly intended to address achievement gaps, given that calls for “reform” typically result from perceived underperformance and a desire to improve the educational achievement of low-performing students. Brookings Institute. The research shows that, although there are brain differences, it doesn’t necessarily mean boys’ brains are "hardwired" against reading. Other research shows that environmental factors also influence neurological predispositions., Some studies indicate that boys avoid liberal arts because society says reading is feminine, and many boys are steered toward sports rather than academics., Similarly, girls have been historically guided toward home economics classes instead of science, math, or economics. Even today, there are many stereotypes that discourage girls from taking STEM classes, and research has found that science and math teachers give boys more help in those areas..
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