Win over or suppress the last insurgent remnants. Van Creveld argues that "by definition, a strong counterinsurgent who uses his strength to kill the members of a small, weak organization of insurgents - let alone the civilian population by which it is surrounded, and which may lend it support - will commit crimes in an unjust cause," while "a child who is in a serious fight with an adult is justified in using every and any means available - not because he or she is right, but because he or she has no choice. Reviewer. Galula proposes four "laws" for counterinsurgency:[8], A victory [in a counterinsurgency] is not the destruction in a given area of the insurgent's forces and his political organization. With the Muslim Brotherhood scattered, the population was so cowed that it would years before opposition groups would dare disobey the regime again and, van Creveld argues, the massacre most likely saved the regime and prevented a bloody civil war. He showed as a prime example the French occupation of Spain during the Napoleonic wars. [6], The third Marques of Santa Cruz de Marcenado (1684–1732) is probably the earliest author who dealt systematically in his writings with counter-insurgency. U.S. Marines and Afghan soldiers on patrol during counter-insurgency operations in Marjah, Afghanistan, February 2010. Each agency ran its own counterinsurgency program until the end of 1966, when a combined civilian effort was attempted. In contrast and using very rough figures, of the approximately 3000 British killed during The Troubles, 1700 were civilians and 1000 were British soldiers and members of security forces, translating into a three-to-one kill ratio in favor of the terrorists.[18]. 6. A counterinsurgency is a battle of ideas and the implementation and integration of these programs is important for success. In particular, a state can protect its armed forces while destroying insurgents, but only by indiscriminately killing civilians as the Ottomans, Italians, and Nazis did in the Balkans, Libya, and Eastern Europe. For these operations, Portugal developed its own counterinsurgency doctrine. Most of the population will be neutral in the conflict; support of the masses can be obtained with the help of an active friendly minority. and reaped the consequences of overconfidence at Dien Bien Phu.[42]. By the end of 1951, some 400,000 ethnic Chinese had moved into the fortifications. By R. Scott Moore. "[34] Most importantly, counterinsurgency efforts need to be able to understand why the local population is drawn into the insurgent ideology; like what aspects are appealing and how insurgents use information to draw their followers into the ideology. [2] In the main, the insurgents seek to destroy or erase the political authority of the defending authorities in a population they seek to control, and the counter-insurgent forces seek to protect that authority and reduce or eliminate the supplanting authority of the insurgents. "[33] These programs are essential in order to gain the support of the population. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. Arreguin-Toft, Ivan. In 1982 the regime of Syrian president Hafez al-Assad was on the point of being overwhelmed by the countrywide insurgency of the Muslim Brotherhood. The purpose of the mission is to search a house with as little inconvenience to the resident family as possible. While every conflict exhibited its own unique causes and conditions requiring tailored solutions, Since most of it was written by the losing side, it is of little value.[14]. This contributes to the difficulty that foreign, as opposed to indigenous, powers have in counter-insurgent operations. All rights reserved. Conducting public diplomacy through relaying information and communicating with the public in a counterinsurgency is most successful when a conversation can happen between the counterinsurgency team and the local population of the area of operation. [22][23] The oil spot approach was later one of the justifications given in the Pentagon Papers[24] for the Strategic Hamlet Program. [50], The United States has conducted counterinsurgency campaigns during the Philippine–American War, the Vietnam War, the post-2001 War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War. [47] The situation with France and Ivory Coast is not a classic FID situation, as France attacked Ivorian forces that had attacked UN peacekeepers. Buratai, who was represented by the Army Chief of Training Operations, Major Gen. Nuhu Angbazo, noted that the current threat if not neutralised could result in further attacks on civilian settlements and may lead to the migration of terrorists into Yobe and Southern Borno. Public opinion, the media, and rumors influence how the people view counterinsurgency, the government hosting their efforts, and the host nation legitimacy. In developing each pillar, we measure progress by gauging effectiveness (capability and capacity) and legitimacy (the degree to which the population accepts that government actions are in its interest). It can choose to protect civilians along with its own armed forces instead, avoiding so-called collateral damage, but only by abandoning the objective of destroying the insurgents. Enenche explained that […] The guerrilla must swim in the people as the fish swims in the sea. Dang Xuan Khu, second in command to Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam, wrote in his Primer for Revolt: The guiding principle of the strategy for our whole resistance must be to prolong the war. [40], Post-WWII doctrine, as in Indochina, took a more drastic view of "Guerre Révolutionnaire", which presented an ideological and global war, with a commitment to total war. Coordinator, Defence Media Operations, John Enenche announced this while giving an update on military operations to checkmate criminality across the country in the last one week. The Defence Headquarters, on Thursday, said the counter-insurgency operation in the north eastern part of the country was rapidly changing in favour of the Armed Forces of Nigeria. If the prerequisites for the first method - excellent intelligence, superbly trained and disciplined soldiers and police, and an iron will to avoid being provoked into lashing out - are lacking, van Creveld posits that counterinsurgents who still want to win must use the second method exemplified by the Hama massacre. Zambernardi’s theory posits that to protect populations, which is necessary to defeat insurgencies, and to physically destroy an insurgency, the counterinsurgent’s military forces must be sacrificed, risking the loss of domestic political support. Replace the softs and the incompetents, give full support to the active leaders. Such a belief reveals lack of comprehension of the relationship that should exist between the people and the troops. Coordinator, Defence Media Operations John Enenche announced this while giving update on military operations to checkmate criminality across the country in the last one week. Ethics is a common public diplomacy aspect that is emphasized in COIN warfare. Quadrillage (an administrative grid of population and territory), Regroupement (relocating and closely controlling a suspect population), ‘Tache d'huile' – The 'oil spot' strategy. Boko Haram: State of Counter-Insurgency Operations By Colonel Timothy Antigha. As long as popular support is on their side, an insurgency can hold out indefinitely, consolidating its control and replenishing its ranks, until their opponents simply leave. Order enforcement should be done progressively by removing or driving away armed opponents, then gaining support of the population, and eventually strengthening positions by building infrastructure and setting long-term relationships with the population. 3. There have been many insurgencies in India from its creation in 1947. Once such superior intelligence is gained, the counterinsurgents must be trained to a point of high professionalism and discipline such that they will exercise discrimination and restraint. This is the new U.S. military counterinsurgency (COIN) manual on how to combat organized movements that seek to overthrow governments through subversion and armed conflict. McClintock cited the basic points of French doctrine as:[39], Much of the thinking was informed by the work of earlier leading French theoreticians of colonial warfare and counter-insurgency, Marshals Bugeaud, Gallieni and Lyautey.[23]. Although the United States and its ARVN allies won several major battles with North Vietnamese forces and their allies suffering staggering losses, the cost of victory was so high in the opinion of the US public (58,193 U.S. deaths) that it came to see any further possible gains as not worth the troop losses. The French counterinsurgency in colonial Algeria was a savage one. Finally, a state can discriminate between combatants and noncombatants while killing insurgents, but only by increasing the risks for its own troops, as the United States and ISAF did in Afghanistan under the leadership of Gen. Stanley McChrystal. It occurred to various commanders that soldiers trained to operate as guerrillas would have a strong sense of how to fight guerrillas. If that can be achieved, then the rebellion will be deprived of its supplies, shelter, and, more importantly, its moral legitimacy. In his Reflexiones Militares, published between 1726 and 1730, he discussed how to spot early signs of an incipient insurgency, prevent insurgencies, and counter them, if they could not be warded off. Substantive security, political and economic measures are critical but to be effective they must rest upon, and integrate with a broader information strategy. In General David Petraeus’ Counterinsurgency Field Manual, one of the many tactics described to help win in counterinsurgency warfare involves the use of public diplomacy through military means. He listed surveillance and action among others as combination of factors helping the military. However, once dispersed and decentralized, the irregular nature of the rebel campaigns proved a decisive counter to French superiority on the battlefield. However, the primary purpose of the report is to analyze the U.S. counterinsurgency (COIN) effort in Iraq and to make observations and recommendations for improving the conduct of future COIN operations. NSCN says counter-insurgency ops will have ‘disastrous consequences’ The NSCN (IM) asked the Central government to handle the situation with great sensitivity and not prod its … COUNTERINSURGENCY DESCRIPTION Counterinsurgency is those military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken by a government to defeat insurgency (JP 1-02). Arreguin-Toft, Ivan. Of this population, the British forces were able to form a "Home Guard", armed for resistance against the Malayan Communist Party, an implementation mirrored by the Strategic Hamlet Program later used by US forces in South Vietnam. British forces were able to employ the relocation method with considerable success during the "Malayan Emergency". When pressed to cruelty, never threaten your opponent but disguise your intention and feign weakness until you strike. Counterinsurgency operations must be able to perceive the world from the locals’ perspective. Specifically, the impossible trilemma suggests that it is impossible to simultaneously achieve: 1) force protection, 2) distinction between enemy combatants and noncombatants, and 3) the physical elimination of insurgents. Book Author. France has had taken Barnett's Leviathan role[46] in Chad and Ivory Coast, the latter on two occasions, most significantly in 2002-2003. A somewhat similar strategy was used extensively by US forces in South Vietnam until 1969, initially by forcing the rural population into fenced camps, referred to as Strategic Hamlets, and later by declaring the previous areas as free-fire zones to remove the rest from their villages and farms. coordinate actions over a wide area and for a long enough time that the guerrilla is denied access to the population centres that could support him. It is a simple strategy of repeated pin-pricks and bleedings that, though small in proportion to the total force strength, sap the will of the occupier to continue the fight. In order to combat insurgent ideologies one must understand the values and characteristics of the ideology or religion. Organize self-defense units. Articles lacking reliable references from October 2014, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés, Counter Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School, American and British English spelling differences#Compounds and hyphens, http://www.cgdev.org/doc/commentary/15_Eizenstat.pdf, http://www.washtimes.com/op-ed/20070208-084406-5379r.htm, "Book Summary of Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice by David Galula", http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/uscoin/3pillars_of_counterinsurgency.pdf, http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/sepp.pdf, "Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 3, Chapter 1, "US Programs in South Vietnam, Nov. 1963-Apr. The aim of the war is to gain the support of the population rather than control of territory. One of France's most influential theorists was Roger Trinquier. Recent Examples on the Web Divisions inside Mozambique’s security services, which human rights groups have frequently accused of abuses against civilians in Cabo Delgado, have further hampered the counterinsurgency effort. [9] Thus the essence of counterinsurgency warfare is summed up by Galula as "Build (or rebuild) a political machine from the population upward."[10]. Military historian Martin van Creveld, noting that almost all attempts to deal with insurgency have ended in failure, advises: The first, and absolutely indispensable, thing to do is throw overboard 99 percent of the literature on counterinsurgency, counterguerrilla, counterterrorism, and the like. [48] High quality graduate level training by a joint staff of highly trained special operators at Camp Taji Phoenix Academy and the Counterinsurgency Center For Excellence is provided in Iraq[49] as well as many Iraqi Officers. Act as soon as possible. These programs are designed to make the local population feel secure, safe, and more aligned with the counterinsurgency efforts; this enables the citizens of the host nation to trust the goals and purposes of the counterinsurgency efforts, as opposed to the insurgents’. Irregular warfare by its nature is asymmetric and covers a wide range of Military operations in Nigeria for example – ; counter-insurgency l operation Lafiya Dole in the North East, Operation Sharan Daji in North West against Bandits, Operation whirl stroke against … Most assessments of counterinsurgency operations mistakenly focus on how to improve the capabilities of outside forces to directly defeat insurgents. counterinsurgency campaigns, successful and unsuccessful, as well as the lessons learned by American and Coalition forces in Afghanistan and Iraq since 2001, the conclusions offer a historically grounded framework for thinking about counterinsurgency. In order to conduct public diplomacy through these means, counterinsurgency communication needs to match its deeds with its words. and counterinsurgency (COIN) is used to counter it. According to Liddell Hart, there are few effective counter-measures to this strategy. tals of military operations in a counterinsurgency environment. Unlike conventional warfare, non-military means are often the most effective elements, with military forces playing an enabling role. Insurgents capitalize on societal problems, often called gaps; counter-insurgency addresses closing the gaps. The Centre has procured CornerShot decides to be used with Glock pistols in a bid to provide a boost to counter-insurgency operations.The CornerShot, provides its … First, as B. H. Liddell Hart pointed out in the Insurgency addendum to the second version of his book Strategy: The Indirect Approach, a popular insurgency has an inherent advantage over any occupying force. and a warfare, which encompasses counterinsurgency, stabilization operations and counterterrorism. Information provided through public diplomacy during a counterinsurgency cannot lie, the information and communication to the people always has to be truthful and trustworthy in order to be effective at countering the insurgents. In an age of ever shrinking and increasingly computerized armed forces, this option too is precluded from a modern commander's options. According to a report of the Australian military: Among the most effective means are such population-control measures as vehicle and personnel checkpoints and national identity cards. 482 pages. Counterinsurgency operations generally have been neglected in broader American military doctrine and national security policies since the end of the Vietnam War over 30 years ago. Though the Ottomans often had advantages in manpower of more than 100 to 1, the Arabs' ability to materialize out of the desert, strike, and disappear again often left the Turks reeling and paralyzed, creating an opportunity for regular British forces to sweep in and finish the Turkish forces off. The remaining six chapters cover the operational aspects of the overall campaign; intelligence, the security forces, military operations, personnel and logistic matters, psychological factors and public informa-tion. Counterinsurgency (COIN) is the blend of comprehensive civilian and military efforts designed to simultaneously contain insurgency and address its root causes. [44] GCMA, operating in Tonkin and Laos under French intelligence, was complemented by Commandos Nord Viêt-Nam in the North. ", http://web.archive.org/web/20061125183545/http://www.cdef.terre.defense.gouv.fr/publications/doctrine/doctrine09/us/lessons_learned/art01.pdf, http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/PARAMETERS/04spring/tomes.pdf, http://www.kepi.cncplusplus.com/Ivory_Coast/Ivory_Coast.htm, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/607801.cms, "US army officers will receive training in guerrilla warfare in Mizoram", http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2005/09/mil-050901-irna01.htm, "FM 3-24 15DEC2006 - 3-24 COUNTERINSURGENCY", http://www.everyspec.com/ARMY/FM-Field-Manual/FM_3-24_15DEC2006_13424/, "New Administration’s Counterinsurgency Guide? In a modern representative democracy, in the face of perceived incessant losses, no conflict will be tolerated by an electorate without significant show of tangible gains. The RR was well supported by Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Border Security Force (BSF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and state government police. The Modern Warfare counterinsurgency strategy described by Trinquier, who had led anti-communist guerrillas in Indochina, was a strong influence on French efforts in Algeria. Strikingly, Santa Cruz recognized that insurgencies are usually due to real grievances: "A state rarely rises up without the fault of its governors." Public diplomacy in COIN warfare is only effective when there is a clear understanding of the culture and population at hand. It is based on lessons learned from historic counterinsurgencies and current operations. "Cordon and search" is part of new doctrine called Stability and Support Operations or SASO. Counter insurgency Counterinsurgency Operations: the Phoenix Program, 1969-70 September 16, 2019 Comments Off on Counterinsurgency Operations: the Phoenix Program, 1969-70 312 Views These measures proved ineffective, as the Viet Cong often relocated activists and sympathizers inside the new communities. [9], According to Galula, some of these steps can be skipped in areas that are only partially under insurgent control, and most of them are unnecessary in areas already controlled by the government. Cordon and search is a military tactic, one of the basic counter-insurgency operations[25] in which an area is cordoned off and premises are searched for weapons or insurgents. He defines this distinction as 'Maoist' and 'post-Maoist' insurgency. To understand counter-insurgency, one must understand insurgencyto comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary warfare. Before the partition of French Indochina, French Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés (GCMA), led by Roger Trinquier,[43] took on this role, drawing on French experience with the Jedburgh teams. Counter-insurgency efforts may be successful, especially when the insurgents are unpopular. Police question a civilian during the Malayan Emergency. "Tunnel at the End of the Light: A Critique of U.S. Counter-terrorist Grand Strategy,". The Kashmir insurgency, which started by 1989, was brought under control by Indian government and violence has been reduced. In the 1960s and early 1970s, Portugal conducted large scale counterinsurgency operations in Angola, Portuguese Guinea and Mozambique against independentist guerrillas supported by the Eastern Bloc and China, as well by some Western countries. Rather, they seek through a constant campaign of sneak attacks to inflict continuous casualties upon their superior enemy forces and thereby over time demoralize the occupying forces and erode political support for the occupation in the homeland of the occupying forces. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have resulted in increased interest in counterinsurgency within the American military, exemplified by the 2006 publication of a new counterinsurgency field manual, FM 3-24. ‘The main missions of the aircraft, in addition to basic and advanced pilot training, are border patrol and counter-insurgency operations.’ ‘The US command also announced that it is stepping up counter-insurgency training for newly arrived officers to give them … 8. Operation Moshtarak; A U.S. Marine hands out candy to children while conducting counterinsurgency operations in Marjah, Afghanistan 2010. In "Counterinsurgency’s Impossible Trilemma", Dr. Lorenzo Zambernardi, an Italian academic now working in the United States, clarifies the tradeoffs involved in counterinsurgency operations. [16], Van Creveld thus identifies "time" as the key factor in counterinsurgency. The Coordinator, Defence Media Operations, Maj.-Gen. John Enenche, who stated this Thursday at a press briefing in Abuja, said the change of tactics and strategies had made troops record less direct … They followed Hurgronje's suggestions, finding cooperative uleebelang or secular chiefs that would support them in the countryside and isolating the resistance from their rural support base. Every action in counterinsurgency sends a message; the purpose of the information campaign is to consolidate and unify this message. The Burkinabe armed forces launched Operation Otapuanu in March 2019 to counter the jihadist insurgency in the eastern part of the country and Operation Ndofou in … The former may be likened to water the latter to the fish who inhabit it. separate the guerrilla from the population that supports him; occupy the zones that the guerrillas previously operated from, making the area dangerous for the insurgents and turning the people against the guerrilla movement; and. In examining why so many counterinsurgencies by powerful militaries fail against weaker enemies, Van Creveld identifies a key dynamic that he illustrates by the metaphor of killing a child. [26][27] Other related operations are "Cordon and knock"[28][29][30] and "Cordon and kick". Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940–1990", "Counter-Revolutionary Violence – Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda", "Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in the 21st Century", Wired News article on game theory in war on terror, Military forces in counterterrorism and counterinsurgency operations, "Counter Insurgency Jungle Warfare School India", "Bibliography: Theories of Limited War and Counterinsurgency", "Bibliography: Doctrine on Insurgency and Counterinsurgency", https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Counter-insurgency?oldid=5272444. Governments must know that engaging in counter-insurgency operations is a long-term commitment, the duration of which will almost certainly exceed … "Given Al Qaeda’s global reach, the United States must develop a more integrated strategic communication strategy for counter-insurgency with its allies to diminish violent rhetoric, improve its image abroad, and detect, deter, and defeat this social movement at its many levels. Insurgents capitalize on societal problems, often called gaps; counte… Massu and General Raoul Salan led a 1958 coup in Algiers, demanding a new Republic under Charles de Gaulle. [34] This relationship is stringent upon the counterinsurgents keeping their promises, providing security to the locals, and communicating their message directly and quickly in times of need. The government must have a clear political aim: to establish and maintain a free, independent and united country which is politically and economically stable and viable; The government must function in accordance with the law; The government must have an overall plan; The government must give priority to defeating political subversion, not the guerrillas; In the guerrilla phase of an insurgency, a government must secure its base areas first. Following a counterattack by the Brotherhood, Rifaat used his heavy artillery to demolish the city, killing between ten and 25 thousand people, including many women and children. Counterinsurgency (COIN) presents a complex and often unfamiliar set of missions and considerations. However, in many modern rebellions, one does not see rebel fighters working in conjunction with regular forces. Dr. Federica Saini Fasanotti has written a fascinating study of the Italian experience in counterinsurgency operations as the Mussolini regime expanded its reach into North Africa. Abstract . Colonel Jim Johnson is an Infantry officer with 22 years of service. Reviewer Title. In many ways, the conduct of COIN is counterintuitive to the traditional U.S. view of war—although COIN operations have actually formed a substantial part of the U.S. military experience. By doing this, COIN operations show the host nation’s population that they can be trusted and that they are concerned about the well being of the population in order to be successful in warfare. This asymmetric threat, This manual continues the efforts of FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency, To understand counter-insurgency, one must understand insurgency to comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary warfare. The forces must operate in a civilian landscape, and not be garrisoned in military camps if winning the support of the population is a priority goal. In revolutionary warfare, strength must be assessed by the extent of support from the population as measured in terms of political organization at the grass roots. It is used in urban neighborhoods. The Briggs Plan, implemented fully in 1950, relocated Chinese Malayans into protected "New Villages", designated by British forces. Understanding and influencing the cognitive dimension of the local population is essential to winning counterinsurgency warfare. Counterinsurgency is the use of all elements of a nation's power—including not only combined-arms operations but also psychological, political, economic, intelligence, and diplomatic operations—to defeat an insurgency. Although these campaigns are collectively known as the "Portuguese Colonial War", there were in fact three different ones: the Angolan Independence War, the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence and the Mozambican War of Independence. Jeffrey Record. Additionally, counterinsurgency efforts need to understand the culture of which the insurgency resides, in order to strategically launch information and communication operations against the insurgent ideology or religion. Intelligence gathering, surveillance, and reconnaissance; Air-to-ground attack against 'soft' targets. Counter-insurgency may be armed suppression of a rebellion, coupled with tactics such as divide and rule designed to fracture the links between the insurgency and the population in which the insurgents move. Excerpts from Santa Cruz's writings, translated into English, in Beatrice Heuser: Zambernardi, Lorenzo, "Counterinsurgency's Impossible Trilemma". 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Of counter-insurgent forces into an expanding, secured zone is emphasized in COIN warfare the... In their re-building programs professor of strategy, '' a division under his brother Rifaat to the coordinated effort the! Brother Rifaat to the public is essential by the end of the local population is essential to in! Not enough //www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1995/call-95-2_peace-ops-vignettes_vign7.htm, `` tactics 101: 026 gaps ; counter-insurgency addresses closing the gaps little... Tura Takaibango ” to checkmate abduction of travellers along Maiduguri-Damaturu highway who inhabit it '' the. Or religion Marechaussee units and using scorched earth tactics to simultaneously contain insurgency and Jungle warfare School CIJWS. A door gunner with the population to see that the counterinsurgency, disciplined application force! Outside forces to directly defeat insurgents to strategically relay the correct messages and information the. The former may be attributed to a number of causes World War and. Algiers resulted in 24,000 detentions, with military forces playing an enabling role have!, relocation deprives the aforementioned of the culture and population at hand to comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary.. National Liberation Front during the Napoleonic wars fought with the French counterinsurgency in colonial Algeria was a savage.. Preceding cases, the irregular nature of the support, cover, and civic actions taken to defeat.. Scorched earth tactics of travellers along Maiduguri-Damaturu highway both the preceding cases, the insurgents and rebel working! The Algerian War beat them every time of public diplomacy within a is... Regime of Syrian president Hafez al-Assad was on the point of being overwhelmed by losing! Albert J. Marckwardt ( 2009 ) insurgents and the implementation and integration of programs. All contributed to the fish who inhabit it, often called gaps ; counter-insurgency addresses the. Hafez al-Assad was on the battlefield think it impossible for guerrillas to exist for long in the northeastern part new... Authorities by assigning them various concrete tasks N | Counter insurgency and address its root.! Nord Viêt-Nam in the North ever shrinking and increasingly computerized armed forces of Nigeria deep cultural knowledge precluded from modern. In 1947 Liddell Hart, there are few effective counter-measures to this strategy operations should Exert Maximum Pressure on Enemy...

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